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Is chloroquine used for typhoid?

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. Chloroquine is used to prevent or treat malaria caused by mosquito bites.

Which drug is used for treating typhoid?

Commonly prescribed antibiotics – The medicine you get to treat typhoid fever may depend on where you picked up the bacteria. Strains picked up in different places respond better or worse to certain antibiotics. These medicines may be used alone or together. Antibiotics that may be given for typhoid fever are:

Fluoroquinolones. These antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin (Cipro), may be a first choice. They stop bacteria from copying themselves. But some strains of bacteria can live through treatment. These bacteria are called antibiotic resistant. Cephalosporins. This group of antibiotics keeps bacteria from building cell walls. One kind, ceftriaxone, is used if there is antibiotic resistance. Macrolides. This group of antibiotics keeps bacteria from making proteins. One kind called azithromycin (Zithromax) can be used if there is antibiotic resistance. Carbapenems. These antibiotics also prevent bacteria from building cell walls. But they focus on a different stage of that process than the cephalosporins. Antibiotics in this category may be used with severe disease that doesn’t respond to other antibiotics.

What is the best drug for malaria and typhoid?

Medications – The most common antimalarial drugs include:

Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is sensitive to the drug. But in many parts of the world, parasites are resistant to chloroquine, and the drug is no longer an effective treatment. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways. This is usually the preferred treatment for chloroquine-resistant malaria. Examples include artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) and artesunate-mefloquine.

Other common antimalarial drugs include:

Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) with doxycycline (Oracea, Vibramycin, others) Primaquine phosphate

What does chloroquine treat?

pronounced as (klor’ oh kwin) Chloroquine has been studied for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The FDA had approved an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) on March 28, 2020 to allow distribution of chloroquine for the treatment adults and adolescents who weigh at least 110 pounds (50 kg) and who are hospitalized with COVID-19, but who are unable to participate in a clinical study.

1. However, FDA canceled this on June 15, 2020 because clinical studies showed that chloroquine is unlikely to be effective for treatment of COVID-19 in these patients and some serious side effects, such as irregular heartbeat were reported.
2. The FDA and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) state that chloroquine should ONLY be taken for the treatment of COVID-19 under the direction of a doctor in a clinical study.

Do not buy this medication online without a prescription. If you experience irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or fainting while taking chloroquine, call 911 for emergency medical treatment. If you have other side effects, be sure to tell your doctor. Do not take chloroquine that is strictly intended for veterinary use – such as to treat fish in aquariums or for use in other animals – to treat or prevent COVID-19.

The FDA reports that serious injury and death have been reported in people misusing these preparations. https://bit.ly/2KpIMcR Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. It is also used to treat amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides.

It works by killing the organisms that cause malaria and amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate comes as a tablet to take by mouth. For prevention of malaria in adults, one dose is usually taken once a week on exactly the same day of the week. Your doctor will tell you how many tablets to take for each dose.

One dose is taken beginning 2 weeks before traveling to an area where malaria is common, while you are in the area, and then for 8 weeks after you return from the area. If you are unable to start taking chloroquine for 2 weeks before traveling, your doctor may tell you to take double the dose right away (for the first dose).

For treatment of sudden, severe attacks of malaria in adults, one dose is usually taken right away, followed by half the dose 6 to 8 hours later and then half the dose once a day for the next 2 days. For prevention and treatment of malaria in infants and children, the amount of chloroquine phosphate is based on the child’s weight.

Your doctor will calculate this amount and tell you how much chloroquine phosphate your child should receive. For treatment of amebiasis, one dose is usually taken for 2 days and then half the dose every day for 2 to 3 weeks. It is usually taken in combination with other amebicides. Chloroquine phosphate may cause an upset stomach.

Take chloroquine phosphate with food. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use chloroquine phosphate exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

Which is strong antibiotic for typhoid?

Typhoid is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. Symptoms include a high fever of up to 104ºF, diarrhea, and vomiting. It can be life threatening if a person does not have early treatment with antibiotics. A person typically contracts typhoid through contaminated food and drinking water.

• It may also pass from person to person by carriers who do not know they carry the bacteria.
• Typhoid is more prevalent in places with less efficient sanitation and hygiene.
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are around 5,700 cases of typhoid in the United States every year.

Most people receive a diagnosis after traveling internationally, meaning they likely contract it abroad. Globally, 11–20 million people per year contract typhoid. Here are some key points about typhoid. More detail is in the main article.

Untreated, typhoid is fatal in around 10–30% of cases.Symptoms include a high fever and gastrointestinal (GI) issues.Some people carry the bacteria without developing symptoms.Most cases reported in the U.S. are contracted overseas.The only treatment for typhoid is antibiotics,

Typhoid is an infection caused by the bacterium S. typhi, The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It spreads between individuals through direct contact with the feces of a person with an infection. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always from human to human.S.

1. Typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1–3 weeks in the intestine.
2. Then, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.
3. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs.
4. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back, because S.
5. Typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune system.

Doctors diagnose typhoid by detecting the presence of S. typhi via blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow sample. Symptoms typically begin 1–3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria. The two main symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to 104ºF,

diarrhealoss of appetitebloatingnauseaweaknessabdominal pain constipation headaches

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi, It spreads through food, drinks, and drinking water that are contaminated with infected fecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables can spread it as well if the water is contaminated. Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms.

Others continue to harbor the bacteria after their symptoms have gone. Sometimes, the disease can appear again. People who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative. Typhoid fever is most prevalent in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.

People who live or work in or travel to places where typhoid infections are common are at risk of contracting the bacterium. In countries not known for many typhoid fever infections, outbreaks can still happen in areas where sanitation and hygiene are insufficient.

In the U.S., there are about 500 cases of typhoid fever per year, and more than half of these come from infections people contracted abroad. However, local outbreaks tend to happen in the food industry, where a person who carries the virus transmits it via food. Although this is rare, people who work in restaurants or other food-related businesses may be more at risk.

A doctor will typically diagnose typhoid fever based on a person’s specific history in order to differentiate it from paratyphoid, which is an infection caused by Salmonella enterica, This infection has similar symptoms to typhoid, but it is less likely to be fatal.

A doctor will ask a person questions about whether they have traveled or lived in areas where the disease is endemic or where there have been known outbreaks. They will also want to know whether the person has received relevant vaccination, where and how they live, and whether they have been taking any medications.

They may also want to know whether the person has come into contact with unclean food or water. The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. Doctors most commonly use ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for nonpregnant people. Other antibiotics a doctor may use are:

chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)ampicillin (Ampi, Omnipen, Penglobe, and Principen)sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim)

Pregnant people should also avoid chloramphenicol. A person with typhoid needs to rehydrate by drinking adequate amounts of water. In more severe cases, where the bowel has become perforated, a person may need surgery. However, as with a number of other bacterial conditions, there is concern about the growing resistance of antibiotics to S.

increase vaccinationimprove sanitation and hygieneimplement better tracking of people with an infection to limit contagion

Countries with less access to clean water and washing facilities typically have a higher number of typhoid cases. Sometimes, a doctor may treat a person preemptively with antibiotics if they know the person will be in an area where the condition is endemic. Typically, they will prescribe ceftriaxone (Rocephin) or cefixime (Suprax) along with azithromycin. Other preventive measures are as follows:

Can typhoid be cured completely?

Typhoid fever can usually be treated successfully with a course of antibiotic medicine. The infection can usually be treated at home, but you may need to be admitted to hospital if it’s severe.

How long can typhoid stay in the body?

Page last updated 26 May 2022 In some people, the bacteria that causes typhoid can remain in the body for a prolonged period of time. It is estimated that between 1% and 4% of treated patients still excrete Salmonella typhi bacteria in their stool 12 months or more after they were ill with typhoid. A long course of antibiotics is necessary to get rid of the typhoid bacteria in these people.

Can malaria cure typhoid?

Discussion – Typhomalaria was first described by an army doctor, J J Woodward (1833–1884) in 1862 among young soldiers during the American Civil War who were suffering from febrile illness that seemed to be typhoid (including intestinal lesions found at postmortem) but with fever patterns also suggestive of intermittent fever.

He believed that it might be a hybrid rather than a new species of disease ( 1 – 3 ). However, by the end of 19 th century, laboratory tests had eliminated this theory as they found that it was either one thing or the other, or in rare instances, co-infection with both S. typhi and the plasmodium of malaria.

Both typhoid and malaria share social circumstances which are imperative to their transmission. Therefore, a person living in such an environment is at risk of contracting both these diseases, either concurrently or an acute infection superimposed on a chronic one.

• A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose a co-infection as most clinicians are used to linking every symptom and sign to a single pathology.
• In co-infections, the diagnosis of typhoid should be made from a culture specimen as false positives and overestimation occur with the use of the Widal test.

Ammah et al reported that in 200 patients with fever, 17% had concurrent malaria and typhoid fever based on bacteriological proven diagnosis as compared to 47.9% based on the Widal test ( 4 ). This is to be expected as the Widal test being a serological test, only proves exposure to a certain antigen.

1. It does not tell if an infection is recent or not.
2. Samal et al, described 52 patients with malaria positive in the peripheral blood smear (cases consisted of vivax, falciparum or mixed vivax and falciparum), out of whom eight cases had a positive Widal test but blood cultures were negative for S.
3. Typhi in all.

All of the cases were cured with antimalarial therapy ( 5 ). There were no complications attributed to these infections documented in the previous reported cases. Nevertheless, complications may occur even if the patients received adequate treatment. Hence, monitoring for the complications is essential especially for travelers traveling to endemic areas.

The actual and precise underlying mechanisms to explain the association between malaria and Salmonella species infection is still uncertain. However, there are few postulations which may explain why malaria may predispose to salmonella bacteremia and sepsis. It has been shown that antibody response to O antigen of S.

typhi was markedly reduced in acute episode of malaria compared with that in controls where humoral immunity is transiently impaired ( 6 ). It has been demonstrated in a murine model of infection with Salmonella murium that hemolysis which occur in malaria may predispose to gram-negative organism as what has been seen in hemolytic disease caused by sickle cell disease and bartonellosis ( 7 ).

• In the case illustrated above, the diagnosis was from a blood smear and a blood culture, both providing objective evidence of the on-going dual infection.
• Fortunately, he did not developed any complications such as hemolysis.
• Although cases which had been reported were common among travelers, certain areas in our country is still considered endemic for both malaria and typhoid infections and our patient demonstrated that although he is not a traveler, these co-infection may still occur.

Thus, in malarial patient with persistent fever in spite of therapy, one should consider drug resistant as well as concomitant gramnegative infection such as typhoid fever.

Can amoxicillin cure typhoid?

Abstract – Fifteen chronic enteric carriers of Salmonella typhi were treated with amoxicillin trihydrate, 2 g by mouth, three times per day. Nine of ten patients who were able to take the full amoxicillin regimen were cured; among five patients treated with a lower daily amoxicillin dosage because of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, only two were cured (P less than,05).

The mean serum amoxicillin concentration at termination of therapy was higher (P less than,01) in five patients who were cured (10.4 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml) than in the four who failed (3.0 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml), although the latter values were all above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for infecting organisms.

This study suggests that amoxicillin treatment of chronic typhoid carriers could be enhanced by treating with doses sufficient to provide suprainhibitory serum concentrations of the antibiotic. However, GI intolerance to amoxicillin could limit this therapeutic approach.

Which organ affects typhoid?

They travel into your intestines, and then into your blood. In the blood, they travel to your lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of the body. Some people become carriers of S typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their stools for years, spreading the disease.

Why is chloroquine banned?

Chloroquine was banned as a first line treatment drug for malaria in Nigeria in 2005. The decision, based on the recommendation of the World Health Organisation, was taken by the Federal Ministry of Health due to high treatment failures resulting from drug resistance.

Why chloroquine is not used?

Usage of chloroquine was discontinued from the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection in almost all endemic regions because of global spread of resistant parasites.

Is chloroquine an antibiotic?

Chloroquine is used to prevent or treat malaria caused by mosquito bites. Chloroquine belongs to a class of drugs known as antimalarials.

Which double antibiotic for typhoid?

Dual antibiotic therapy more effective in Typhoid Fever-says Trial Combination of azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins leads to a more effective therapy in patients with typhoid fever (TF) than monotherapy by reducing the time to defervescence and clearance of bacteremia, according to a study recently published in the journal PLOS.

1. The treatment of Typhoid Fever(TF) is steadily becoming a challenge for clinicians due to increasing resistance to antibiotics.
2. The current single-drug regimens show prolonged fever clearance time (FCT) potentially contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance and the chronic carriage of the pathogens.

Read Also: Niv Zmora and his associates conducted a study to assess the efficacy of combining third-generation cephalosporin therapy with azithromycin on the outcomes of TF in patients living in an endemic region. An open-label, comparative trial was conducted which included 105 patients aged 18 years and above with only culture-confirmed TF cases.

Four study arms were created and patients were alternately allocated to one of four study arms: hospitalized patients received either intravenous ceftriaxone or a combination of ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin, while outpatients received either oral azithromycin or a combination of oral azithromycin and cefixime.

The primary outcome evaluated was fever clearance time, FCT and the secondary outcomes included the duration of bacteremia. The study found that fever clearance time, FCT was significantly shorter for the 47 patients who received combination therapy compared to the 41 patients who received a single-agent regimen (median values of 88 versus 95 hours, respectively.

Bacteremia was detected in blood cultures drawn on day three for 17% of patients who received monotherapy and 4% who received combination therapy, both as outpatients. All patients who were still bacteremic on day three had a negative blood culture on day five. Similarly, when outpatients were analyzed separately, median FCT was 96·75 hours for the oral azithromycin arm versus 86·5 for the combination of azithromycin and cefixime.

For inpatients, median FCT was 98·25 hours for the intravenous ceftriaxone arm versus 80 hours for the combination of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. No adverse effect was observed by the researchers. The study concluded that combination therapy of third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin for TF may prove to be more superior than monotherapy in terms of FCT and time to eliminate bacteremia.

1. Typhoid (Enteric) Fever (TF) is a human-restricted disease caused by the pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.
2. Typhi) and Paratyphi (S.
3. Paratyphi), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality when untreated.
4. The disease is transmitted through a fecal-oral route via contaminated food and water, and is, therefore, a marker of poverty and lack of proper sanitation.

For more reference log on to : Dual antibiotic therapy more effective in Typhoid Fever-says Trial

Can chloroquine treat fever?

Can We Give Simple Chloroquine for Routine Fevers? Because of attention being focused on Coronavirus-related information, we cannot forget routine fevers that are prevalent during the coming months will bring along Heat, Dust, Rain & Big Fat Blood-Sucking Mosquitoes.

• Malaria
• Dengue
• Typhoid
• Cholera
• Gastroenteritis
• Urinary Tract Infections ( UTI )
• Fevers of Unknown Origins /Pyrexia of Unknown Origin ( PUO )

Viral Fevers are different types, but are limited and can cause confusion because there is No Specific Treatment Available For Dengue, Chikungunya, Flu( has hundreds of types & each one keeps mutating, changing size and shape rapidly). Routine treatment for Any Fever is- Paracetamol 500 mg, 8 hourly for a healthy adult & for kids, according to their weight.

• Some Antiallergic tablets as it is safe from lots of allergens present within the system and in the outside air.
• Chlorpheniramine and Promethazine are safest compared to the Newer ones available over the counter which may Not Be Liver Friendly Anti-allergic medicines.
• Combine Anti allergics with Paracetamol
• Liquids as Nourishment. Choices are Plenty-

• Diluted Milk as a Beverage of choice along with fat-free biscuits like Marie or Parle G
• Warm water with honey ( Honey is antiseptic and moisturizing also)
• Fresh lemon juice+ Glass of water+ Pinch of salt+ A bit of sugar
• Coconut Water ( Works well to Replenish depleting body fluids)
• Light nourishment helps the stomach to work less to digest the foods and indirectly helps the Liver to Regenerate
• Citrus Fruits & Other Soft Fruits & Salads
• Adults and kids above 2 years need not be given ORS in sachets.

1. Avoid foods that cause distention and discomfort.
2. Maida is hard carbohydrates, Pulses & cooked Non-Veg are hard proteins & Fats need to be AVOIDED for a Quicker Recovery.
3. Hygiene to be Maintained by Bath/ Sponging and wearing only Cotton clothes.
4. Sweat has germs that get evaporated, causing infection to others and to Self as Auto infection.
5. Bath is as important as Medicines.
6. Restful life for a minimum of 3 days.
7. It is a Holistic Approach to the routine fevers, prevalent during Summers of Delhi/NCR
8. 9 out of 10 Fevers Recover
9. Give Routine Antibiotics Only if On Day 4 of Fever blood test shows indication of Typhoid & Other bacterial infections
10. Malaria is a parasitic infection & parasite is seen on a slide made with a thick layer of blood
11. Chances of missing the parasite on routine blood tests are more because the parasite keeps circulating during the bouts of chills along with high fever.
12. If 2 tablets of Chloroquine are given, the side effects of this medicine are lesser than the side effects of rising fevers after day 4.
13. Observe for symptoms.
14. If fever comes down, a complete course of 10 tablets can be given during the next 3 days.
15. On Day 4 of fever not getting corrected, how many patients can afford a specific Antigen test for Malaria & How Many labs are Offering this Facility?
16. Not Many labs are available for our masses
17. Communication with family is important though.

: Can We Give Simple Chloroquine for Routine Fevers?

What is the treatment of typhoid and malaria?

Long-term carriers – After your symptoms have passed, another poo sample should be tested to check if there are still Salmonella typhi bacteria in your poo. If there are, you may have become a carrier of the typhoid infection. This means the Salmonella typhi bacteria continue to live in your body and can be spread as normal in poo or pee.

• But you will not have any noticeable symptoms.
• It’s possible for the bacteria to live in your body for 12 months or more after you first became infected.
• You may need to have a further 28-day course of antibiotics to “flush out” the bacteria.
• Until test results show that you’re free of bacteria, avoid handling or preparing food.

It’s also very important that you wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet. Page last reviewed: 20 September 2021 Next review due: 20 September 2024

What type of malaria does chloroquine treat?

Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug used to treat susceptible infections with P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P.

Can malaria and typhoid drugs be taken together?

Antimalarial Drugs – Chloroquine and atovaquone-proguanil at doses used for malaria chemoprophylaxis can be given concurrently with oral typhoid vaccine. Data from an older formulation of the CVD 103-HgR oral cholera vaccine suggest that the immune response to the vaccine might be diminished when given concomitantly with chloroquine.